{"id":4709,"date":"2022-02-21T19:58:13","date_gmt":"2022-02-22T00:58:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/?p=4709"},"modified":"2023-02-21T13:14:35","modified_gmt":"2023-02-21T18:14:35","slug":"putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/","title":{"rendered":"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Can linguistics help predict a war? This past weekend, Planet Word Advisor James Pennebaker and his colleagues Ryan Boyd and Ashwini Ashokkumar posted a short article on their blog, Wordwatchers<\/a>, highlighting an interesting trend in Russian President Vladimir Putin’s press conferences.<\/p>\n

Since the beginning of 2022, Putin has been using significantly fewer self-referential words (I.e., I, me, mine, etc.) than he usually does, which could indicate an attempt to “hide something or to actively deceive others,” according to the article. The authors note a similar pattern found in President George W. Bush’s language preceding the invasion of Iraq. While drops in self-referential words do not directly indicate the intention to start a war \u2014 or even an attempt to deceive others \u2014 analyses like this one can provide valuable insights into the rhetoric politicians use in advancing their goals.<\/p>\n

Read the full article below.<\/p>\n

\n
Vladimir Putin\u2019s Recent Language Suggests\u00a0War<\/a><\/h5>\n

James W. Pennebaker, Ryan L. Boyd, and Ashwini Ashokkumar
\nFebruary 20, 2022<\/p>\n

We\u2019ve spent decades analyzing the way people\u2019s language reflects their psychological states. One of the most revealing words is \u201cI\u201d (and me, my, and mine). Self-referencing (that is, \u201cI-words\u201d) often signals honesty and genuine openness with others. On the other hand, when trying to hide something or to actively deceive others, people tend to use I-words at lower levels.<\/p>\n

It may be possible to detect Vladimir Putin\u2019s motives about Ukraine by analyzing the ways he uses language in his press conferences. Using a new version of the text analysis program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-22), we have analyzed 21 press conferences and interviews Putin has given since 2004, with special attention to his meetings with the press since December 2021.<\/p>\n

As can be seen in the graph, Putin\u2019s five most recent meetings with the press since January stand out. Compared to his usual rate of I-words, his have dropped between 25\u201335% in his most recent press gatherings. At the same time, his use of risk-related words (threat, danger) and formal expressions of politeness (please, sorry, thank you \u2013 another sign of psychological distancing) have almost doubled compared to his numbers in previous years. Interestingly, he is also using words that express more certainty and confidence than in the past.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\"\"<\/a>

Putin\u2019s use of I-words in meetings with the press. Press conferences between 2004-2019 were from his Annual Press Conference in Decembers.<\/p><\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

When we analyzed Putin\u2019s language in December, we felt that Putin was not committed to any aggressive action in Ukraine. His word use had remained relatively stable for about five years. Given his language shifts over the last two months, however, we have changed our minds.<\/p>\n

Our findings are in line with previous analyses of leaders preparing to launch an assault who understandably try to hide their intentions from their enemies. This was apparent with George W. Bush when he made the final decision to go to war against Iraq in 2003. In his weekly meetings with the press, his I-words dropped almost by half once he made the decision \u2014 this was reflected in his language six months before the war started.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\"\"<\/a>

George W. Bush\u2019s use of I-words in meetings with the press. The second vertical line in his 21st\u00a0month in office (October, 2002) coincided with Congress giving him the approval for an invasion of Iraq.<\/p><\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

It should be emphasized that drops in I-words can reflect many issues other than an intention to launch an invasion.\u00a0 That said, it\u2019s hard to ignore this notable shift in Putin\u2019s language when the stakes of his actions are so high.<\/p>\n

To learn more about the methods and previous studies, check out the following sources.<\/p>\n

Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2011). Using computerized text analysis to assess threatening communications and actual behavior. In Chauvin, C. (Ed.),\u00a0Threatening communications and behavior: Perspectives on the pursuit of public figures<\/em>\u00a0(pp.3-32<\/span>). Washington, D. C.: The National Academies Press.<\/p>\n

Pennebaker, J.W. (2011). Using computer analyses to identify language style and aggressive intent: The secret life of function words.\u00a0\u00a0Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict<\/em>,\u00a04<\/em>, 92-102.\u00a0http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/17467586.2011.627932<\/a><\/p>\n

Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L. Booth, R.J., Ashokkumar, A., & Francis, M.E. (2022).\u00a0Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, LIWC-22: A text analysis program<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/www.liwc.app<\/a><\/p>\n

*For more information, contact Pennebaker at\u00a0Pennebaker@mail.utexas.edu<\/a>. He is Professor of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin<\/p>\n

https:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/psychology\/faculty\/pennebak<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Can linguistics help predict a war? This past weekend, Planet Word Advisor James Pennebaker and his colleagues Ryan Boyd and Ashwini Ashokkumar posted a short article on their blog, Wordwatchers,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":4710,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[21],"class_list":["post-4709","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-words-language","tag-advisory-board"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPutin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War? — Planet Word Museum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War? — Planet Word Museum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Can linguistics help predict a war? This past weekend, Planet Word Advisor James Pennebaker and his colleagues Ryan Boyd and Ashwini Ashokkumar posted a short article on their blog, Wordwatchers,…\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Planet Word Museum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PlanetWordDC\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-22T00:58:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-02-21T18:14:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1875\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1026\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Planet Word\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@PlanetWordDC\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@PlanetWordDC\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Planet Word\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Planet Word\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3255359721db3f02adbfaa758decac79\"},\"headline\":\"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-22T00:58:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-21T18:14:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\"},\"wordCount\":752,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Advisory Board\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Words & Language\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\",\"name\":\"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War? — Planet Word Museum\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-22T00:58:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-02-21T18:14:35+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg\",\"width\":1875,\"height\":1026,\"caption\":\"Kremlin.ru, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/\",\"name\":\"Planet Word Museum\",\"description\":\"The museum where language comes to life\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Planet Word\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cropped-PW_Logo_BLUE_circle-2-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cropped-PW_Logo_BLUE_circle-2-1.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"Planet Word\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PlanetWordDC\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/PlanetWordDC\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/planetworddc\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/planetworddc\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/PlanetWordDC\/\",\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planet_Word\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3255359721db3f02adbfaa758decac79\",\"name\":\"Planet Word\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/dfdb27aeaa7da4e97a7ba163e849286e28479fbcadffe32af019a470073287e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/dfdb27aeaa7da4e97a7ba163e849286e28479fbcadffe32af019a470073287e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Planet Word\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War? — Planet Word Museum","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War? — Planet Word Museum","og_description":"Can linguistics help predict a war? This past weekend, Planet Word Advisor James Pennebaker and his colleagues Ryan Boyd and Ashwini Ashokkumar posted a short article on their blog, Wordwatchers,…","og_url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/","og_site_name":"Planet Word Museum","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PlanetWordDC\/","article_published_time":"2022-02-22T00:58:13+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-02-21T18:14:35+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1875,"height":1026,"url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Planet Word","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_image":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg","twitter_creator":"@PlanetWordDC","twitter_site":"@PlanetWordDC","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Planet Word","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/"},"author":{"name":"Planet Word","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3255359721db3f02adbfaa758decac79"},"headline":"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War?","datePublished":"2022-02-22T00:58:13+00:00","dateModified":"2023-02-21T18:14:35+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/"},"wordCount":752,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg","keywords":["Advisory Board"],"articleSection":["Words & Language"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/","url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/","name":"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War? — Planet Word Museum","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg","datePublished":"2022-02-22T00:58:13+00:00","dateModified":"2023-02-21T18:14:35+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Putin_2022-02-14-e1645491482443.jpeg","width":1875,"height":1026,"caption":"Kremlin.ru, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/putin-bush-and-pronouns-presaging-war\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Putin, Bush, and Pronouns: Presaging War?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/","name":"Planet Word Museum","description":"The museum where language comes to life","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#organization","name":"Planet Word","url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cropped-PW_Logo_BLUE_circle-2-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cropped-PW_Logo_BLUE_circle-2-1.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"Planet Word"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PlanetWordDC\/","https:\/\/x.com\/PlanetWordDC","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/planetworddc\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/planetworddc\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/PlanetWordDC\/","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planet_Word"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3255359721db3f02adbfaa758decac79","name":"Planet Word","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/dfdb27aeaa7da4e97a7ba163e849286e28479fbcadffe32af019a470073287e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/dfdb27aeaa7da4e97a7ba163e849286e28479fbcadffe32af019a470073287e0?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Planet Word"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4709","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4709"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4709\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4710"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4709"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4709"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4709"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}